Asian thought leads early 20th century artists, now including those in Eastern Europe and America, to explore the spiritual dimension in their art. In 1910, Wassily Kandinsky’s groundbreaking book, Concerning the Spiritual in Art, helps open the door to abstract art by incorporating a spiritual dimension independent of the physical world. By that time Hilma af Klint has already begun to paint large abstract temple paintings in Sweden. In 1915, inspired by Theosophy and other Asian-influenced philosophies, Georgia O’Keeffe paints her first abstract artwork and Kazimir Malevich paints Black Square, based on a Russian icon.